Apa System

Referencing using the APA (American Psychological Association) style About this pick The APA style offset 1 In-text Citations bring out 2 Collating a p arentence list A sample reference list in APA style Further checking Printable copy of this resource (75 KB) About this resource This resource explains some of the more(prenominal) than common applications of the APA style. It is based on the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed. ) (2010), pp. 169224.You should always ticktack your unit guide and/or with academic staff (unit chair, lecturer or tutor) to make sure that this is the advance referencing style for your unit. You must reference all worldly you role from all sources and acknowledge your sources in the body of your paper all(prenominal) fourth dimension you determination a fact, a conclusion, an idea or a conclusion from someones civilize. This establishes the designerity of your work and acknowledges the researchers and writers you have drawn upon in your paper. It is necessary to abduce your sources each time you reproduce an pens exact articulates (quote), that is, copy enunciate for word directly from a text.A scallywag number must be disposed(p). use your own wording (summarise or paraphrase) to explain or discuss what someone has said. You argon encouraged to provide page numbers. If you copy an entire table, chart, diagram or graph or if you take except some of the data contained in much(prenominal) sources, you must provide a reference. Sources such as journals, books, encyclopedias, computer programs and software, information from the internet, reports, newspapers, interviews, radio and television must be mobilised in the body of your paper and slender in a reference list at the end. Information from Deakin study guides and readers must also be acknowledged.The APA style The APA style of referencing consists of two elements (1) in-text citations giving author, course and somet imes page number in the body of the paper (2) a reference list at the end of the paper providing the complete details for each in-text citation. Part 1 of this resource deals with in-text citations. Part 2 of this resource shows how to present the related reference list entries for the in-text citations. Part 1 In-text Citations One author When you refer to a single author, entangle the authors family name and social class of publication, using one of the forms shown here.Clay (2003) argues that having a planned approach to writing essays can be of great benefit. or Essay writing can be made much more manageable if a planned approach is taken (Clay, 2003). For citing an author or authors more than once in any one split, see instructions under double up citations of a study within one paragraph. Multiple authors For two authors, include the family name of both authors and year as required. According to Antonakos and Kazanis (2003) there are advantages to keeping form and researc h methods simple. or There are advantages to keeping design and research methods simple (Antonakos & Kazanis, 2003).Use and when family names are outside parentheses use & when family names are inside parentheses. In the case of three, four or five authors, come to all authors the first time, so in subsequent citations of this work use the family name of the first author plus et al. and the year as required. Gagliardi, Frederickson and Shanley (2002) argue that in order to provide consistent guardianship, healthcare professionals often face the dilemma of finding similarities in patient responses to illness while at the resembling time respecting the uniqueness of each individual patient.However, despite any apparent similarities in symptoms or limitations, Gagliardi et al. contend all patients should be treated differently. Furthermore, according to the Roy Adaptation baffle (Roy & Andrews, 1999), nurses need to make comprehensive assessments of each patient. After the first citation of an author or authors in the narration (i. e. the authors name does not appear in parentheses), you need cite only the family names/s in the same(p) paragraph (i. e. no date required). For six or more authors use only the family name of the first author plus et al. in all citations including the first. Use date as appropriate.Mahon et al. (1997) reviewed how nursing diagnosis content is presented in nursing textbooks. Repeat citations of a study within one paragraph In any one paragraph, if you cite an author/s more than once in the narrative (i. e. the authors name does not appear in parentheses), include family name/s and year the first time. In subsequent citations in the narrative in the same paragraph you need to cite only the family name/s, provided studies cannot be confuse. According to Savage (2004) little attention has been assumption to the way a nurse baron depict and . Savage argues that in an environment of evidence-based practice In discussing ways of researching emotion, Savage (2004) highlights the importance of When the name of the author/s and year are in parentheses in any one paragraph, the year is included in subsequent citations. Little attention has been devoted to the way a nurse might identify and (Savage, 2004). Savage (2004) argues that in an environment of evidence-based practice Secondary source Sometimes you read one author (secondary) who cites another (primary). In the example that follows, you have read Savage who referred to a publication by Lupton, but you did not read Lupton yourself.Lupton (as cited in Savage, 2004) distinguishes between emotional labour and emotional work. subscriber line The debut in the reference list is under Savage. Article or chapter in an edited book An edited book is one that consists of chapters or articles written by different authors. You need to acknowledge the author of the chapter or article you used. This author is cited in text (that is, in the body of the paper) in the same way as for one or more authors. In the example that follows, Naidoo has written a chapter in a book edited by Thorogood and Coombes. In the body of your date cite only Naidoo.Naidoo (2000) claims that risk factor simulation models Note The entry in the reference list gives full details of the publication. Under the name of the author (Naidoo) you need to give the details of the chapter you read plus the details of the book. Group or organisation as author Where the author is a government agency, association, merged body or the like, which has a familiar or easily understandable acronym, it is cited as follows Obesity in Australian men and women increased during the 1980s (National health and medical examination investigate Council NHMRC , 1997). A single cause for obesity . . ( NHMRC , 1997). Note The entry in the reference list is under National Health and Medical Research Council. No author name provided If no author is designated, cite the first few words of the surn ame, and the year. Full title details are provided in the reference list entry. Studies suggest that many IVF couples would donate excess embryos to scientific research ( conceptus study, 2004). Use double quotation marks around the title of an article or chapter. Use italics and no quotation marks in text for the title of a periodical, book, brochure or report with no author.Two or more publications by the same author in the same year If an author has published two or more works in the same year, a lower case garners a,b,c and so forth are used after the date to distinguish between them. Letters are appoint according to the alphabetic order of the title. According to McDonald (2007c) McDonald (2007a) first suggested However it has also been noted that (McDonald, 2007b). No year of publication provided If there no year is given for a source, use n. d. (which stands for no date) after the authors name. In a detailed analysis, Jones (n. . ) argues Personal communication Personal communications can include letters, emails, private interviews, recall conversations and the like. Cite personal communications in text only they are not included in a reference list. J. Robinson (personal communication, May 11, 2010) indicated (L. Frazer, Manager, Heathville Community Centre, personal communication, June 4, 2009) Electronic sources The principles for in-text citation of print sources also apply to electronic sources. All electronic sources should therefore be cited according to the name of the author/s.As for print sources, cite by title if there is no author. Many online articles are pdf files, i. e. copies of print documents, so they usually indicate page numbers. Use these page numbers when you cite information from such sources. Some articles are not pdf files and do not have page numbers. In these cases use paragraph numbers, if these are provided. Smith (2003, para. 3) claims If paragraph numbers are not provided and the document includes headings, use these headings and count the number of paragraphs. Smith (2003, Conclusion section, para. 3) claims QuotesShort quotes (fewer than 40 words) should run on as part of your excoriate with double quotation marks to signal where the quote starts and finishes. The page where the quote comes from must be included. Clay (2003) argues that students experience writers block because they have not given sufficient thought to reviewing course content and exploitation their ideas (p. 47).. Alternatively, Students experience writers block because they have not given sufficient thought to reviewing course content and developing their ideas (Clay, 2003, p. 47). Long quotes, known as block quotes (more than 40 words) should start on a new line be indented about 5 spaces from the left overstep margin be double spaced omit quotation marks. For example An important stage in assignment writing is planning. Clay (2003) comments that Some students are tempted to plunge into writing their assignment , beginning with the introduction but soon find that they experience writers block and cannot decide what to write next. The problem occurs because they have not given sufficient thought to reviewing course content and developing their ideas about relating the theory to their practice. (p. 47) There are a variety of ways that students can plan Part 2 Collating a reference list An important purpose of the reference list is to enable readers to locate sources. Therefore details must be correct and complete. Each in-text citation and the related reference list entry should be identical in spelling and year. A work is listed only once in the reference list, regardless of how many times it is cited in text. Works not cited in the text should not appear in the reference list. In roll up your APA reference list, you should list references on a new page with a centred heading titled References include books, journal articles, online sources etc. n one alphabetic listing order entries al phabetically by family name of author/s list works with no author under the first significant word of the title indent second and subsequent lines of each entry (5-7 spaces) use double spacing. Some examples follow others can be found at www. apastyle. org Note The examples are separated and placed under subheadings here to show each form. In a reference list, however, they would be all together in alphabetical order with no subheadings. Book Author, A. , & Author, B. (year). human activity of book. City Publisher.Capitalise only the first letter of the first word of a book title and any prudish nouns. The first letter of the sub-title (if any) is capitalised also. Example Crawford, P. , Brown, B. , & Nolan, P. (1998). Communicating care The language of nursing. Cheltenham Stanley Thornes. Chapter or article in an edited book Author, A. , & Author, B. (year). Title of chapter. In C. Editor, & D. Editor (Eds. ), Title of book (pp. xxxx). City Publisher. Capitalise only the first letter of the first word of an article or chapter title, and any proper nouns. Example Naidoo, B. (2000).Evaluating the use of public health risk factor simulation models. In M. Thorogood, & Y. Coombes (Eds. ), Evaluating health promotion Practice and methods (pp. 99109). Oxford Oxford University Press. Book, online Author, A. , & Author, B. (year). Title of book. details about the format if available. Retrieved from web cut through or doi If a digital object identifier DOI is provided then it should be given if no DOI is available then the web address or uniform resource locator URL, should be given. Date of retrieval is not required. Example Munsterberg, H. (1916).The photoplay A psychological study. Retrieved from http//www. gutenberg. org/files/15383/15383-8. txt Journal article Author, A. , & Author, B. (year). Title of article. Title of Journal, sight number(issue number), page numbers. The issue number should be indicated only if each issue of a journal begins on page 1. Capitalise only the first letter of the first word of an article title and subtitle, and any proper nouns. Capitalise the first letter of every main word in the journal title. imply a digital object identifier (DOI) if provided. Examples Antonakos, C. L. , & Kazanis, A. S. (2003).Research process in the health sciences A focus on methods. Research and Theory for nurse Practice, 17, 257264. Clay, G. (2003). Assignment writing skills. Nursing Standard, 17(20), 4752. Journal article, online Author, A. (year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number (issue number), page numbers. doi or Retrieved from web address If a digital object identifier DOI is provided then it should be given if no DOI is available then the home page web address of the journal, or uniform resource locator URL, should be given. Date of retrieval is not required. Examples Ekwall, A. , Gerdtz, M. Manias, E. (2008). The influence of patient acuity on satisfaction with emergency care perspectives of fami ly, friends and carers. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 17, 800809. doi10. 1111/j. 1365-2702. 2007. 02052. x Midford, R. (2005). Australia and alcoholic beverage Living down the legend. Addiction, 100, 891896. Retrieved from http//www. addictionjournal. org/ Newspaper article Author, A. (year, month day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper, p. x. Example Wroe, D. (2004, June 24). capital of Australia enlists GPs in war on smoking. The Age, p. 3. Newspaper article, no author Title of article. (year, month day).Title of Newspaper, p. x. Example Embryo study nod, OK say IVF couples. (2004, May 31). Herald Sun, p. 10. Newspaper article, online Author, A. (year, month day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper. Retrieved from home page web address Example Nader, C. (2009, June 19). Mental health issues soar among children. The Age. Retrieved from http//www. theage. com. au/ Group or organisation as author Organisation Name. (Year). Details of the work as appropriate to its form. When the author and publisher are the same, use the word Author as the name of the publisher. Example Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2007). Migration Australia, 2005-06 (Cat. No. 3412. 0). CanberraAuthor. Retrieved from http//www. ausstats. abs. gov. au/ausstats /subscriber. nsf/0/E0A79B147EA8E0B5CA2572AC001813E8/$File/34120_2005-06. pdf Up to seven authors Author, A. , Author, B. , Author, C. , Author, D. , Author, E. , Author, F. , & Author, G. (year). Details of the work as appropriate to its form. Provide family names and initials of all authors. Eight or more authors Author, A. , Author, B. , Author, C. , Author, D. , Author, E. , Author, F. , & Author, M. (year). Details of the work as appropriate to its form.Provide family names and initials of the first six authors followed by three ellipses points and the last authors family name and initial. Web page Author, A. , (year). Title of page. Retrieved Month, day, year from web address The title of a web page is not italicised. Retriev al date is given if it is believed the information could change over time. Example Diabetes Australia. (2010). gestational diabetes. Retrieved July 22, 2010 from http//www. diabetesaustralia. com. au/Understanding-Diabetes/What-is-Diabetes /Gestational-Diabetes-/ A sample reference list in APA style References Antonakos, C.L. , & Kazanis, A. S. (2003). Research process in the health sciences A focus on methods. Research and Theory for Nursing Practice, 17, 257264. Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2007). Migration Australia, 2005-06 (Cat. No. 3412. 0). Canberra Author. Retrieved from http//www. ausstats. abs. gov. au/ausstats/subscriber. nsf /0/E0A79B147EA8E0B5CA2572AC001813E8/$File/34120_2005-06. pdf Clay, G. (2003). Assignment writing skills. Nursing Standard, 17(20), 4752. Crawford, P. , Brown, B. , & Nolan, P. (1998). Communicating care The language of nursing. Cheltenham StanleyThornes. Diabetes Australia. 2010). Gestational diabetes. Retrieved July 22, 2010 from http//www. dia betesaustralia. com. au/Understanding-Diabetes/What-is-Diabetes /Gestational-Diabetes-/ Ekwall, A. , Gerdtz, M. & Manias, E. (2008). The influence of patient acuity on satisfaction with emergency careperspectives of family, friends and carers. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 17, 800809. doi10. 1111/j. 1365-2702. 2007. 02052. x Embryo study nod, OK say IVF couples. (2004, May 31). Herald Sun, p. 10. Midford, R. (2005). Australia and alcohol Living down the legend. Addiction, 100, 891-896. Retrieved from http//www. ddictionjournal. org/ Munsterberg, H. (1916). The photoplay A psychological study. Retrieved from http//www. gutenberg. org/files/15383/15383-8. txt Nader, C. (2009, June 19). Mental health issues soar among children. The Age. Retrieved from http//www. theage. com. au/ Naidoo, B. (2000). Evaluating the use of public health risk factor simulation models. In M. Thorogood & Y. Coombes (Eds. ), Evaluating health promotion Practice and methods (pp. 99109). Oxford Oxford University Press. Northern Territory Department of Justice. (2007). Step forrader Getting help about sexual violence.Retrieved from http//www. nt. gov. au/justice/documents/stepforward. pdf Wroe, D. (2004, June 24). Canberra enlists GPs in war on smoking. The Age, p. 3. Further reading Details of all referencing styles used at Deakin can be accessed at www. deakin. edu. au/referencing and in printed form from the Division of Student Life. Burton L. J. (2010). An interactive approach to writing essays and research reports in psychology (3rd ed. ). Milton, Qld John Wiley & Sons. Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed. ). (2010). Washington, DC American Psychological Association.